Mohammad Adeeb was born in September 1945 in Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, India. He graduated from Aligarh Muslim University with the degree of the Master of Science.

Adeeb has long been in business and was elected to Rajya Sabha on behalf of Uttar Pradesh in 2008. He successively served as a member of the Committee on Labor, the Committee on Commerce and the Committee on Information Technology. He retired in 2014. He maintains close friendship with China. In recent years, he has participated in many exchange activities held by the Embassy of the PRC in the Republic of India and actively offered suggestions to promote China-India relations. In October 2018, he helped organize a visit to China for a delegation of Indian parliamentarians.